TIP TIG Welding is always better quality than TIG and 100 to 500% faster with superior quality than TIG - MIG - FCAW.

written by Ed Craig www.welreality.com.



Welding and steels info on ASTM - A36 TO A391.
Carbon Low Alloy Steels, Bar, Plate, Chain Tubes Pipe.

As changes are frequent, please ensure you refresh before reading.


ALL PROCESS - CONSUMABLES RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE REQUIRE
WELD QUALIFICATION BEFORE THE WELDS ARE APPROVED.

Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an indication that pre heat, interpass and post heat treatment is required for the welds.

IF YOU ARE WELDING TUBES OR PIPES MAKE
SURE YOU VISIT THE ASTM PIPE WELDING SECTION

 

If welding a carbon or low alloy steels and you don't know what the composition is or what the weld consumable should be, give consideration to the following.

• If the metal is thicker than 1/4 - 6 mm, preheat to 150F.
• Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-3-6 MIG wire, or for all position welds an E71T-1 electrode wire.
• For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 20% CO2 mix.
• For gas shielded flux cored use a gas mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
• Ensure mill scale in weld area is removed and the plate is always at a temperature >60F.
• Keep single pass fillet welds < 1/4 - < 6mm.
• Use stringer, do not weave unless necessary.
• For multi-pass welds. use inter-pass temp control. Ensure the inter-pass temp does not exceed 300 F.
• If possible do destructive test of a weld sample.
• If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after welding.
• If cracks occur in the HAZ double the pre-heat.

 

SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength
E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

MIG E70S-3-6 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018 B3 electrodes are utilized.


The "yield strength", the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld without permanent deformation of the metal.

The "tensile strength", "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs.

Fine-grained steels are prone to cold cracking due to hydrogen absorption. They should be preheated slightly and welded with a relatively low specific energy, to reduce the heat-affected zone. Preheating: in function of steel, generally 100°C (max. 200°C) Post-weld treatment: usually not necessary

Austenitic manganese steels with a manganese content of 14% (Hadfield steels) have a tendency to form brittle precipitates in the form of carbides.
It is essential to weld them without preheating, even with additional cooling, and to keep the specific heat input low. Preheating: none (cooling may be used if needed

Unalloyed steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required to ensure good weldability. Preheating: < 0.2C %: without preheating (up to 30 mm thickness) or 100°C against humidity

C: 0.2 to 0.5 %:preheating temperature 100 to 300°C

C > 0.5 %: preheating temperature 300 to 350°C.Possible post-weld treatments, stress relieving, normalising

Low alloy steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required to lower hydrogen potential and ensure good weldability.

 

Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes from the ANSI/AWS A5.29. 1198 Specification Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

 

AWS Classification	Tensile ksi	Tensile MPa	Yield ksi	Yield Mpa
E6XTX-X-XM	60 - 80	410 - 550	50	340
E7XTX-X-XM	70 - 90	480 - 620	58	400
E8XTX-X-XM	80 - 100	550 - 690	68	470
E9XTX-X-XM	90 - 110	620 - 760	78	540
E10XTX-K9-K9M	SEE SPEC		88	610
(M) means an argon mix req,  75 to 80 argon balance CO2	All DCEP	E71T-1 Second number 1 = all position	E70T-1 Second number 0 = flat and horizontal

Brittleness:The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle. Preheat, inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to reduce the potential for brittleness.


Hardness test. The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a diamond pyramid (Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC) into the surface of a metallic material at a specific load. The resulting indentation is then measured.

 

 

Irresespective of what the specifications stipulate, many manufactures of parts and equipment containing ASTM steels do not use the recommended pre or post-heat treatments, especially when multi-pass welds are required The requirements for weld heat treatment is greatly influenced by many factors, the application, the governing specifications or codes, the plate condition, the plate thickness, the weld consumables the weld procedures, the weld sizes and amount of welds required. In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that it's not necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the steel, and will therefore typically utilize low hydrogen, highly ductile E7018 /E70S-3-6 / E71T-1 electrodes. When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat treatment recommendations are frequently eliminated, however from a weld quality perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry, the metal is over 60F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the weld area. Also even when heat treatment is not used its frequently beneficial to not allow the multi-pass inter-pass weld temperatures to exceed 200F If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the metal specifications ensure you use low hydrogen electrodes then, (a) Establish the welding procedure. (b) Qualify the weld and HAZ properties. Ensure the after weld and HAZ properties are compatible with the steel specifications, ref grain size, hardness and strength. PRE HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING CHARTS ALSO APPLIES TO MINIMUM INTER-PASS TEMPERATURE.

Alloy steels always require weld consideration. Compare the low alloy steels chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel. Remember this is only a guide, weld responsibility starts with the weld decision maker verifying the consumables and heat treat and test recommendations.

 

STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:

• STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE STRESS.
• STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
• STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
• CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF REQUIREMENTS.
  
  
  
  
  

TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK TIME ONE HOUR PER INCH OF THICKNESS	SR HEAT & COOL RATE PER HOUR 400oF 204oC DIVIDE THICKER PART
PARTS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF 24oC	STRESS RELIEF CARBON STEELS 1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo 1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC	SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC	SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC	SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC	SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL 1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC	SR 16% CHROME 430 STEEL 1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF 815oC
SR 9% NICKEL 1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC	FOR 300 SERIES STAINLESS SR WILL RESULT IN CARBIDE PRECIPITATION
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES MAX SR 1050oF 566oC	SR 400 SERIES CLAD STAINLESS 1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF 732oC
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu NICKEL 1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC	STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B 0 500oF 260oC 15 MIN
STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN	HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30 MIN HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC 30 MIN
MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5% ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF	MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS AM100A 500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A 500oF 260oC 60 MIN

Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A3			carbon stl			mig S3-S6
ASTM A27			carbon stl			mig S3-S6
ASTM A36	>36 >248	58 - 80 400/551	Common low carbon structural steel CSA grades in compliance 260W 260WT 300W	<0.25carb >25mm 100F. >50mm 200F >0.26carb 13-25mm 50F. >25mm 175F	K02600	Carb 0.25/0.29 Mn 0.6/1.2 Si 0.15/0.4 E60XX E70XX E70S-X E71T-1
ASTM A 53			PIPE			WELD MIG S3 - S6
A 82			Reinforcement wire			WELD MIG S3 - S6
ASTM A105			High temp fittings			E70XX E70S-X E71T-1
ASTM A108			Corresponds to AISI specs			E60XX E70XX E70S-X E71T-1
ASTM 109			Carbon stl strip			WELD MIG S3 - S6
ASTM A113			Railway stock			E60XX E70XX E70S-X E71T-1
A128			Casting Aust Mn
ASTM A131 Grades A-B-CS D-DS-E AH32- DH32 EH32 AH36 DH36 EH36	Grade a/b/cs d/ds/e >34 Grade ah32/ dh32 eh32 >46 Grade ah36/ dh36 eh36 >51	Grade a/b/cs d/ds/e 58 - 71 Grade ah32/ dh32 eh32 >68 - 85 Grade ah36/ dh36 eh36 >71- 90	Structural steel for ships Canadian CSA G40.21  Grade A = 33G Grade B = 33W	Preheat CS/D/E >25mm 100F Preheat ah/eh/dh 32-36 >13mm 50F >25mm 100F	K02300	Carb 0.16/0.26 Mn0.7/1.5 Si0.1/0.5 AH/DH/EH Ni0.4 Cr0.25 Mo0.8 Cu0.35 Grades a-e E70XX E70S-X E71T-1 Grades ah/dh/eh 32-36 E8018-B2 E80T5-B2
ASTM 134			Carbon stl pipe			WELD MIG S3 - S6
ASTM 135			Carbon stl pipe			WELD MIG S3 - S6
ASTM 139			Carbon stl pipe			WELD MIG S3 - S6
ASTM A148 Grades 40/50/60 /80/85/90 95/105 120			Structural castings			Grades 40/50/80 E8018-C3 Grades 60/90 E8018-B2 Grades 85/95/10/ 120 E11018-M

 

Many steel types and their grades go back for 30 to 50 years. Today many grades are obsolete. Its helpful to include these grades as many rebuilds and repairs deal with the older grades. By the way if you don't see a chemistry range you are typically seeing the maximum alloy content.

 

Fatigue: The ability of a metal or weld to withstand repeated loads. Fatigue failures occur at stress levels less than the metal or weld yield strength. Some things that can influence fatigue failure:

• Excess weld profiles.
• Welds which cause undercut.
• FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.
• Lack of weld penetration.
• Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass temp controls.
• Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.
• Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific location.
• Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.
  
  
  
  
  

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat   Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A161			Carbon stl tubes			WELD MIG S3 - S6
ASTM A167			AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
A176			STAINLESS
A177			STAINLESS			308-308L
A178			Carbon stl tubes			70S-3-6
A179			Carbon stl tubes			70s-3-6
ASTM A181 Grades 1 - 2			Forgings	Preheat >25MM 100f >50mm 200F		Carb 0.35 Mn0.9 Si 0.35 Grade 1-2 E70XX E70S-X E71T-1
ASTM A182 Grades F1/F2/ F11/F12 F22/F22A			High Temp fittings	Preheat all grades except F1 at  >25mm 100F 50mm 200F Grade F1 <13mm 100F <25mm 200F >25mm 300F Post heat req 1250F		F2 Carb 0.21 Mn0.3/0.8 Si 0.1/0.6 Cu 0.5/0.8 Grade F1 E70XX E70S-X E71T-1 GRADE F2 F11/F12  E8018-B2 grade F22/F22A E9018-B3
ASTM 184			Reinforcement bar	carbon stl low alloy		E8018-G - W 100 - 200F
ASTM 185			Reinforcement bar	low alloy		E8018-G-W 100 - 200F
ASTM 192			Tubes	carbon stl		E70S-3-6 100 - 200F
ASTM 193			Bolting			4 or 300 series 200 - 400F
ASTM 199			Tubes	Cr/Moly		9018B3 300 - 400F
ASTM 200			Tubes	Cr/Moly		200 - 600F
ASTM 202			Pressure vessel	low alloy		8018-G 9018-M 100 - 300F
ASTM A203 Grades a-b-d-e	(A) >37 255 (B) >40 275 (D) >37 206 (E) >40 275	(A) 65-85 586 (B) 70-90 620 (D) 65-85 586 (E) 70-90 620	Pressure vessel plates for cryogenic use. Nickel alloy steels	grades A-B-E <13mm 200F grades A-B-E <25mm 300F >25mm 400F grades D <13mm 100F <25mm 200F >25mm 300F Post heat if carb >0.15 >13mm 1200F Post heat if carb <0.15 >25mm 1200F	(A) K21703 (B) K22103 (D) K31718 (E) K32018	(A) Carb 0.17/0.23 Mn0.7/0.8 Si 0.15/0.4 Ni 2.1/2.5 (B) Carb 0.21/0.25 Mn0.7/0.8 Si 0.15/0.4 Ni 2.1/2.5 (D) Carb 0.17/0.20 Mn0.7/0.8 Si 0.15/0.4 Ni 3.25/3.75 (E) Carb 0.2/0.23 Mn0.7/0.8 Si 0.15/0.4 Ni 3.25/3.75 Grades A-B E8018-C1 E80T5-Ni2 E80S-Ni2 Grades D-E-F E8018-C2 E80T5-Ni3 E80S-Ni3
ASTM A204 Grades a-b-c	Grade A >37 255 grade B >40 275 grade C >43 296	Grade A 65-85 448 grade  B 70-90 620 grade C 75-95 655	Nickel Alloy Pressure vessel steels	Preheat to 0.2 carb 25 to 50mm 100F >50mm 200F Preheat  0.21-0.25 carb 13  to 25mm 100F >25mm 250F Preheat  0.26-0.28 carb <13  100F >25mm 300F postheat req 1250F	grade A K11820 grade B K12020 grade C K12320	Grade A carb 0.25 Mn 0.9 Si 0.3 Ni 0.6 Mo 0.6 Grade B carb 0.27 Mn 0.9 Si 0.3 Ni 0.6 Mo 0.6 Grade C carb 0.28 Mn 0.9 Si 0.3 Mo 0.45/0.6 Grades A-B E7018-A1 E70T5-A1 E8XT-A1 E70S-6 Grade C E8018-C2
ASTM 209			Tubes			E70S-3-6 50 - 200F
ASTM 210			Tubes	Carbon stl		E70S-3-6
ASTM 211			Pipe	Carbon stl		E70S-3-6
ASTM 213			Tubes	Chrome Moly and stainless pre-heat 200 - 600 F		8010 9018 308
ASTM 214			Tubes	Carbon stls		E70S-3-6
ASTM A216 WCA WCB WCC			High tem cast fittings			WCA E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 WCB-WCC E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 E10018-M
ASTM A217 WC1-WC4 WC5-WC6 WC9-WC11			Steel castings	post heat req 1250F preheat WC1 <50mm 150F >50mm 250F preheat WC4-WC5 <13mm 200F >13mm 350F preheat WC9  500F preheat WC6 WC11 <15% carb <25mm 150F >25mm 250F >13mm 350F preheat WC6 WC11 to 21% carb <25mm 300F >25mm 400F		WC1 E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 WC4-WC5 E8018-B2 WC9 E9018-B3 WC6-WC11 E8018-B2

Lamellar Tearing: When welding, the weld shrinkage stresses impose tensile strains in the steel plate or on inclusions paralleled to the plate surface. The tensile strains can separate the inclusions causing cracks. Excessive strains can further elongate the cracks. Carbon, manganese and low alloy steels made at the mill with inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing. The potential for lamellar tearing increases with the amount of inclusions in the plates being welded. Of special concern is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate surface. More data in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through thickness tension testing of steel plates.

 

Weld Question: When you see an electrode recommendation such as E8018-C1, who is the best reference source to convert that stick electrode to a flux cored or MIG wire?


Answer: I believe Alloy rods, (ESAB) Kobelco and Tri Mark, flux cored manufacturers have good reference data for this subject.

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat   Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A225 A-B-C-D	(C) >70 482        (D) <75mm >60 (D) >75mm >55	(C) 105-135 930 (D) <75mm 80-115 792 (D) >75mm 75-100 689	Pressure vessel plate bar shapes  Mn Vanadium Ni alloy steels	preheat to 0.15 carb >50mm 100F preheat to 0.15/0.2 carb >50mm 100F >50mm 200F preheat >0.21 carb <13mm 100F >13mm 150F post heat  treat 1150F	grade A K11803 grade B K12003 grade C K12524	Grade A carb 0.18 Mn 1.45 Si 0.1-0.3 V 0.09/0.14 Grade B carb 0.2 Mn 1.45 Si 0.1-0.3 V 0.09/0.14 Grade C carb 0.25 Mn 1.6 Si 0.1-0.3 Ni 0.4/0.7 V 0.1/0.2 Grade D carb 0.2 Mn 1.7 Si 0.1-0.5 Ni 0.4/0.7 V 0.18 grade A-B 8018-C3 E80S-Ni E80T1-B2 grade C E11018-M E100S-1 E110T5-K3 grade D E10018-M E100S-1
ASTM 226			Tubes carbon stl			E70S-3-6
ASTM A234 WPA-WPB WPC-WP1 WP11			Wrought weld fittings			grades wpa-wpb wpc E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 grades wp1 E70XX-A1 E7XT-1 E70S-3 grades wp11 E8018-B2
ASTM A235 A-C-C1 E-F-F1-G			Industrial forgings			grades A-C E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 grades C1-E-F-F1 E8018-C3 grades G E8018-B2
ASTM A236 A-B-C-D E-F-G-H			Railroad forgings			grades A-B E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 grades C-D-E E8018-C3 grades F-G E8018-B2 E8018-C3 grade H E11018-M
ASTM A237 A-B-C-D E-C1			Industrial forgings			grades A-B E8018-C3 grades C-D E8018-B2 grades C1-E E11018-M
ASTM A238 A-B-C D-E			Railroad forgings			grades A E8018-C3 grades B-C E8018-B2 grades C-D-E E11018-M
ASTM 240			Pressure Vessels stainless			austenitic
ASTM A242 1-2	42-50 344	63-70 482	High stength low alloy structural steel to 100mm In hot rolled state	pre heat 25-50mm 50F >50mm 150F	Type 1 K11510 Type 2 K12010	Canadian CSA G40.21 50R Often call Cor-ten A Type 1 Carb 0.15 Mn 1.0 Type 2 Carb 0.2 Mn 1.35 E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3 Unpainted weathering steel E8018-W E80T1-W
ASTM A243 A-C-C1 E-F-F1-G- H-I-J-K			Ring and disc forgings			Grades A-C-C1 E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3 Grades E-F-H-1 E8018-C3 Grades F1-G-J-K E8018-B2
ASTM A245			Structural sheets			E60XX E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3

Toughness:The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined temperature to withstand a shock.
The test for toughness measures the impact of a pendulum on a notched specimen. You may see that the required impact properties for the metal or weld are 20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)

Weld Question: Ed. Which should be the greater concern
rust or mill scale.




Answer: Mill scale causes much more weld issues than rust.

Mill scale will effect
[1] the weld fusion potential,
[2] the weld travel rates attained,
[3] the weld appearance,
[4] the weld mode,
[5] the arc stability,
[6] weld pororisity
[7] weld spatter formation.

Ductility: The amount that a metal or weld will deform without breaking. Ductility is measured on welds by the % of elongation in 2 inch (51 mm) test piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode should result in a minimum of 20% elongation. An E70S-6 MIG weld should produce 22% elongation.

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat   Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM 249			Tubes stainless			austenitic
ASTM 250			Tubes C/Mo			100 -200F 7018A1
ASTM A252			AISI specifications			E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3
ASTM A266 1-2-3			Drum forgings			grades 1-2 E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3 grade 3 8018-C3
ASTM 268			Tubes stainless			410 - 409 300 - 400F
ASTM 269			Tubes stainless			300 series
ASTM 270			Tubes stainless			308
ASTM 271			Tubes stainless			308 -316 - 347
ASTM A276 Type 410			Stainless see stainless
ASTM A283 A-B-C-D	grade A >24 165 grade B 27 186 grade C 3O 206  grade D >33 227	grade  A 45-55 379 grade B 50-60 4136 grade C 55- 65 448 grade D 60-72 496	Low to intermediate tensile steel plate. Canadian G40.21 33G	preheat carb  0.25/0.3 >25mm 100F preheat carb  0.31/0.35 >13mm 100F >25mm 200F		E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3-6
ASTM A284 A-B-C-D	grade A >25 172 grade B >27 189 grade C >30 206 grade D >33 227	grade A >50 344 grade B >55 379 grade C >60 413 grade D >60 413	Low to medium tensile carbon steel plates	preheat carb 0.2/0.25 >50mm 100F preheat carb 0.26/0.3 25/50mm 100F >50mm 200F preheat carb >0.3 >13mm 100F >25mm 250F If carb over 0.31 >25mm post heat 1200F	grade A K-1804 grade B K02001 grade C K02401 grade D K02702	grade A-B carb 0.24 Mn 0.9 grade C carb 0.36 Mn 0.9 grade D carb 0.35 Mn 0.9
ASTM A285 A-B-C	grade A >24 165 grade B >27 186 grade C >30 206	Grade A 45 - 65 448 grade B 50 - 70 482 grade C 50 - 75 517	Low to medium tensile pressure vessel plate to 50mm	Preheat carb >0.26 >25mm 100F	grade A K01700 grade B K02200 grade C K02801	grade A carb 0.17 Mn 0.9 Cu 0.2/0.35 grade B carb 0.22 Mn 0.9 Cu 0.2/0.35 grade C carb 0.28 Mn 0.9 Cu 0.2/0.35 E70XX E70S-6-3 E7XT-1
ASTM 288			Forging carbon stl and low alloy stl			7018 - 9018 - 11018.
ASTM 289			Forging alloy stl			chrome mang
ASTM 297			Castings			308 -310- 330
ASTM A299 A-B-C	40-42 275-289	75-95 517-655	Carbon Mn Si Pressure vessel plates	carb to 0.2 preheat >25mm 150F Carb   0.2/ 0.25 preheat >13/25mm 100F >25mm 150F Carb   0.26/ 0.3 preheat <13mm 100F <25mm 200F >25mm 300F Carb <0.2 to 13mm post heat not req Carb >0.2  post heat  req 1150F	K02803	carb 0.28/0.3 Mn 0.9/1.15 Si 0.15/0.4 E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3-6   For improved impacts E8018-C3 E80T-1-Ni1

 

 

 

Weld Question: Ed. I have welded parts at Caterpillar plants. They weld many of the ASTM steels listed here. They rarely use pre-heat even on the very thick steels. Why do they not comply with the ASTM specs heat treat requirements?

Answer: "A spec is only a spec"

No code or specification body takes responsibility for what is written in their codes or specifications. Specifications are set of guidelines. In the case of the ASTM specs the heat treat recommendations are to make the weld properties conform with the base metal properties yet many times its not practical or logical to do this. If an organization produces multi-pass welds, the multi pass heat input act the same as a post heat treatment and the extra passes will have an extensive influence on the mechanical properties of the welds and the base metals.

Qualification of the multi-pass welds and HAZ with the specific weld procedures utilized always will have far more relevance than a specification which was typically written for a single pass weld.

 

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat   Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A300 1-2			Low temp pressure vessel			grade 1 E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3-6 grade 2 E8018-C1
ASTM A302 A-B			pressure vessel steel			E8018-B2
ASTM A306 45-50-55 60-65-70 75-80			Carbon steel bars			grades 45-50-55 60-65-70 E70XX E7XT-1 E70S-3-6 grades 75-80 E8018-C1
ASTM A311			corresponds to AISI SAE steels 1137 Check out AISI weld and heat treat data			grades 1018-1117 E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3-6 grades 1035-1045 1050 E10018-M E100T1-K3 grades 1137 to 1144 E11O18-M E110T5-K2
ASTM 312			300 series stainless pipe
ASTM A321	50-75 344-517	85-110 586-758	corresponds to AISI SAE steels			high carb 0.55 max Mn 0.6/0.9 Si 0.15/0.35 E9018-M E90T1-K2 E80S-D2
ASTM A328			steel sheet pilings			E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3-6
ASTM A322			corresponds to AISI SAE steel bars A322 over 70 AISI designations
ASTM A328			steel sheet pilings	carb  0.3 TO 0.4 >13mm 100F		carb 0.32/0.39 Mn 0.7/0.9 Cu 0.2 E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3-6
ASTM A331			corresponds to AISI SAE steel bars A322 over 80 AISI designations
ASTM A333 A334			carbon steel and low alloy pipe			E8018

 

 

 

Hardness. The resistance of the metal or the weld to penetration. The resistance of the metal or the weld to penetration. Hardness is related to the strength of the metal. A good way to test a weld after the weld and heat treatment are complete is to test the hardness of weld and the base metal surrounding the weld.

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat   Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A335			Cr Mo Pipe
ASTM A336 F1-F12			Alloy drum forgings			grade F1 E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3-6 grade F12 E8018-B2
ASTM A350 LF1-LF12				LF1 - LF2 preheat <25mm 100F >25mm 200F LF3 - LF5 preheat <25mm 100F >25mm 200F		E8018-C1 E8018-C3 E80T1-Ni1
ASTM 351			Stainless castings			308 310 316
ASTM A352 LCA-LCB LCC-LC1 LC2			low temp steel castings	preheat grades LCA-LCB- LCC <0.25 carb >25mm 50F >50mm 100F preheat LCB 0.26/0.3 carb <25mm 50F >25mm 100F preheat LC1 <25mm 100F >50mm 300F preheat LC2-3-4 carb max 0.15 <25mm 100F >25mm 250F preheat LC2-3-4 carb max 0.25 <13mm 150F >13mm 250F >25mm 325F		Grades LCA-LCB E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3-6 Grades LC1 E7018-A1 Grades LC2-3 E8018-C1 E8XT1-Ni2 Post heat desirable 1150F
ASTM A353	>75 517	100-120 689-827	9% Nickel pressure vessel steel plate	preheat <25mm 50F >25mm 150F	K81340	Carb 0.13 Mn 0.9 Si 0.15/0.4 Ni 8.5/9.5 ENiCrFe-3 INCO 182 ENiCrFe-2 INCO-A ERNiCr-3 INCO 82 or ERNiCrFe-6 INCO 92 E309/E310 often used
ASTM A356 1-2-5-6- 9-10			Steam turbine castings			grade 1 E7018 E7XT-1 E70S-3-6 grade 2 E7018-A1 E8018-C3 grade 5 E8018-B2 E90T1-D3 grade 6-9-10 E8018-B2 E80T1-B2
A358			Austenitic Stainless pipe
ASTM A361			Galvanized sheet			E60XX E70XX E70S-3

 

 

 

Weld Questions. Do you have the instant answers? What do you think the optimum wire feed and weld voltage range is for welding with an E70T-1 1/16 062 flux cored wire welding a common 6 mm - 1/4 fillet weld. The answers are in my books.

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat   Postheat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A366			Carbon steel sheets			E60XX E70XX E70S/3-6
ASTM 369			Carbon stl and Cr Mo Pipe			see pipe
ASTM A372 1-2-3-4			Pressure vessel forgings			Grade 1 E7018 E70S-3-6 E7XT-1 grade 2 E8018-C3 grade 3 E8018-B2 grade 4 E11018-M
ASTM A374 A375			Low alloy steel strip			E7018 E70S-3/6 E7XT-1
ASTM 376			Austenitic Stainless pipe			see pipe
ASTM 381			carbon stl pipe			7018 E70S-6
ASTM A387 2-5-7-9 11-12-21 21-22	grade 2 >33 Annealed grade 2 >45  normalized	grade 2 55-80 Annealed grade 2 70 - 90  normalized	pressure vessel plate Cr Mo available in annealed normalized state	grade 2 PREHEAT to O 0.15 carb <25mm 200F grade 2 PREHEAT > O 0.16 carb <25mm 300F >25mm 400F grade 2 post heat 1200F	grade 2 K121143 grade 5 K415445 grade 7 S50300 grade 9 S50400 grade 11 K11789 grade 12 K11757 grade 21 K31545 grade 22 K21590	grade 2 carb 0.2 Mn 0.55/0.8 Si 0.4 Cr 0.5/0.8 Mo 0.45/0.6 grade 2-12 E8018-B2 E80T1-B2 grade 21-22 E9018-b3 E90t1-b3
ASTM A389 C23		high tem castings				E8018-B2
A391 Grade 80		Alloy	higher strength than A413 chains can be used for overhead lifts

 

 

Ed in Thailand managing a Textron project. The mission fix a 276,000 psi tensile steel armor plate,mult-million dollar welding problem:

This USA Textron tank was made out of 275.000 ksi tensile, armor steel. Due to lack of weld manufacturing management, some parts were welded in the wrong location between the tank tracks. These welded parts were subject to abnormal stresses from the tracks and resulted in numerous cracks when the tanks were field tested in Thailand.

If you tried to repair the armor plate cracked welds which had extensive martensitic formation in their HAZ, more cracks would instantly occur from the weld repair heat input. What would you recommend to resolve this multi-million dollar issue. This was my first consulting job and it was a real welding challenge.

If you are teaching your self, or providing weld process control training for others, the following resources are the key to attaining MIG and flux cored weld process optimization. Item.1. The Book: "A Management & Engineers Guide To MIG Weld Quality, Productivity & Costs" Item 2. A unique robot MIG training or self teaching resource. "Optimum Robot MIG Welds from Weld Process Controls". Item 3. A unique MIG training or self teaching resource. " Manual MIG Weld Process Optimization from Weld Process Controls". Item. 4. A unique flux cored training or self teaching resource. "Optimum Manual and Automated Flux Cored Plate and Pipe welds. Item 5a."Proceso de Soldadura MIG Manual" (MIG Made Simple. Self teaching in Spanish) Item 6a. The Self Teaching MIG Book/ Video. (MIG Made Simple in English). Note: Items 2-3-4 are the most comprehensive process control, self teaching and training programs ever developed.. Visit Ed's MIG / flux cored process control books and CD training resources.

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