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• ASTM Welding A36 to A891
• ASTM Welding A403 to A643
• ASTM Pipe Welding

ASTM - A645 - A973 Steels

ALL ELECTRODE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE REQUIRE CONFIRMATION AND QUALIFICATION.


Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an indication that pre heat interpass and post heat treatment is required for the welds.

 

 

Fatigue:The ability of a metal or weld to withstand repeated loads. Fatigue failures occur at stress levels less than the metal or weld yield strength. Some things that can influence fatigue failure:

• Excess weld profiles.
• Welds which cause undercut.
• FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.
• Lack of weld penetration.
• Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass temp controls.
• Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.
• Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific location.
• Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.
  
  
  

  When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018 B3 electrodes are utilized.

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat Post heat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
A645	65	95-115	Pressure vessel 5% nickel heat treated alloys	<25mm 50f. 25-50mm 150f.>50mm 200f post heat beneficial >50 mm 1020 1200f	K41583  Quenched tempered Reversion Annealed	carb 0.13 max Mn 0.3-0.6 Si 0.2-0.35 Ni 4.75/5.25 Mo 0.2/0.35 Al 0.02/0.12 E8018-C2  E90T5-Ni3
ASTM A649			low alloy stl rolls	200-400F		E7018 E8018 E1118M E1218M
A656	50-80 344-551		high strength improved formability plate. High yields
A656-1					K11804	Carb 0.18max Mn 1.6 Si 0.6 V 0.05/0.15 al-N
A656-2					K11503	Carb 0.15max Mn 0.9 Si 0.1 Ti 0.05 Al
A656-50	50-80 344-551	60 min or 95/115				GRADE 50/60 E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A656-70	60 min	70 min				E8018-C3 E80S-Ni1 E8IT1-Ni1
A656-80	70 min	80 min				E9018-M E100S-1 E90T1-K2
A659						E60XX E70XX
ASTM A660			carbon stl pipe			E7018 E70S-3-6
A662			Pressure vessel med to low tem service improved notch toughness with yields to 90ksi			E60XX E70XX E71T-1
A662-A	40   275	58/78 399/537			K01701	Carb 0.14 max Mn 0.19 1.35 Si 0.15 0.4
A662-B	40   275	68/85 448/586			K02203	Carb 0.19 max Mn 0.85 1.5 Si 0.15 0.4
A662-C	43   296	70/90 482/620		Preheat >0.15 carb >25mm 100f	K02007	Carb 0.2 max Mn 1 1.6 Si 0.15 0.5
A663			Merchant Quality steel bars
A663 45-50- 55-60 65-70 75-80	24-44 165-303	45-90 310/620
A663 45-50- 55-60						E70XX E71T-1
A663 65-70						E7018Mo
A663 75-80						E8018Cm

SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength
E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

MIG E70S-3-6 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

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Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes from the
ANSI/AWS A5.29. 1198 Specification
Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

AWS Classification	Tensile  ksi	Tensile MPa	Yield  ksi	Yield Mpa
E6XTX-X-XM	60 - 80	410 - 550	50	340
E7XTX-X-XM	70 - 90	480 - 620	58	400
E8XTX-X-XM	80 - 100	550 - 690	68	470
E9XTX-X-XM	90 - 110	620 - 760	78	540
E10XTX-K9-K9M	SEE SPEC		88	610
(M) means an argon mix req,  75 to 80 argon balance CO2	All DCEP	E71T-1 Second number 1 = all position	E70T-1 Second number 0 = flat and horizontal

 

 

Brittleness: The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation. When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle. Preheat, inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to reduce the potential for brittleness.

Lamellar Tearing: When welding, the weld shrinkage stresses impose tensile strains in the steel plate or on inclusions paralleled to the plate surface. The tensile strains can separate the inclusions causing cracks. Excessive strains can further elongate the cracks. Carbon, manganese and low alloy steels made at the mill with inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing. The potential for lamellar tearing increases with the amount of inclusions in the plates being welded. Of special concern is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate surface. More data in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through thickness tension testing of steel plates.

 

Many manufactures of parts and equipment containing ASTM steels do not use the recommended pre or post-heat treatments.   The requirements for weld heat treatment is greatly influenced by many factors, the application, the governing specifications or codes, the plate condition, plate thickness, the weld consumables the weld procedures, the weld size and amount of welds required. In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that its not necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the steel, and will therefore typically utilize low hydrogen, highly ductile E7018 /E70S-3-6 / E71T-1 electrodes. When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat treatment recommendations are frequently eliminated, however from a weld quality perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry, the metal is over 60F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the weld area. Also even when heat treatment is not used its frequently beneficial to not allow the multi-pass inter-pass weld temperatures to exceed 200F If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the metal specifications ensure you use low hydrogen electrodes then, (a) Establish the welding procedure. (b) Qualify the weld and HAZ properties. Ensure the after weld and HAZ properties are compatible with the steel specifications, ref grain size, hardness and strength. PRE HEAT IN THESE CHARTS ALSO APPLIES TO MINIMUM INTER-PASS TEMPERATURE

 

 

Welding alloy steels often may require unique weld or heat treat considerations. Compare the low alloy steels chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel. Remember this site is only a guide, weld responsibility starts with "you" First verify the weld consumable and then the material heat treat recommendations.

The yield strength, the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld without permanent deformation of the metal.

The tensile strength, "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs.

Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa

 

STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:

• STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE STRESS.
• STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
• STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
• CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF REQUIREMENTS.

TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK TIME ONE HOUR PER INCH OF THICKNESS	SR HEAT & COOL RATE PER HOUR 400oF 204oC DIVIDE THICKER PART
PARTS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF 24oC	STRESS RELIEF CARBON STEELS 1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo 1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC	SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC	SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC	SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC	SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL 1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC	SR 16% CHROME 430 STEEL 1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF 815oC
SR 9% NICKEL 1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC	FOR 300 SERIES STAINLESS SR WILL RESULT IN CARBIDE PRECIPITATION
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES MAX SR 1050oF 566oC	SR 400 SERIES CLAD STAINLESS 1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF 732oC
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu NICKEL 1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC	STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B 0 500oF 260oC 15 MIN
STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN	HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30 MIN HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC 30 MIN
MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5% ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF	MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS AM100A 500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A 500oF 260oC 60 MIN

 

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat Post heat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
A668 F-F1						E8018-C1
A668-G						E9018-B3
A668-A-B-C-D						E9018-M E90T5-K2
A675			Hot wrought special quality steel bars
A675-45	22 155	45-55 310-380				E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A675-50-55	25-27 170-190	50--65 344-448				E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A675-60-65	30 32	60-77 413-530				E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A675-75	37 260	75-90 515-620				E8018-C3 E80S-Ni-1 E80T1-Ni1
A675-80	40 275	80 550				E8018-C3 E80S-Ni-1 E80T1-Ni1
A675-90	50 380	90 620				E9018-M E90T1-K2 E80S-D2
A678-A			Quenched tempered carbon steel structural plate	Preheat max 0.6 carb <25 mm 50F. >25mm 100F. Preheat max 0.17 carb <13mm 50F <25mm 100f  > 25 mm 150F.
A678-A	50	70-90	max 38mm		K01600	Carb 0.16 max Mn 0.9/1.5 Si 0.15/0.5 Cu 0.35 max Ni 0.25 max Cr 0.25 Mo 0.08max. E8018-C3 E80T1-Ni1 E80S-Ni1
A678-B	60	80-100	max 63mm		K02002	Carb 0.2 max Mn 0.7/1.6 Si 0.15/0.5 Ni 0.25 max Cr 0.25 Cu 0.35 max Mo 0.08max. E9018-M E90T1-K2 E100S-1
A678-C	65 -75	65 115	max 50mm		K02204	Carb 0.22 max Mn 1/1.6 Si 0.2/0.5 Ni 0.25 max Cr 0.25 Cu 0.35 max Mo 0.08max. E11018-M E110T5-K4 E110S-1

When mill scale is a problem, what MIG or flux cored weld parameter needs to be changed and why? The mill scale weld solutions are in Ed's books.

 

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat Post heat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
ASTM A688			austenitic stainless tubes			E3XX
A690	50	70	High strength steel H piles used in marine use. 2 t0 3 times the corrosion resistance of steel	preheat 50f	K12249	Carb 0.22 max Mn 0.6/0.9 Si 0.1 Ni 0.4/0.75  Cu 0.5 max E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1 Or a weathering steel electrode
A694						E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A696			Special quality CARBON steel bars for pressure pipe parts			E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A696-A					K03200	carb 0.32max Mn 1.04max Si 0.15/0.3
A696-B	35 241	60 413			K03200	carb 0.32max Mn 1.04max Si 0.15/0.3
A696-A	40 275	70 482		Preheat <0.25 carb >50mm 100f preheat >0.26 carb >25mm 150F	K03200	carb 0.32max Mn 1.04max Si 0.15/0.3 E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A699			plate and bars low carbon Mn, Mo Co alloy steels.	K10614		carbon  0.06 max  <15mm  Mn 1.2/1.9 >15mm Mn 1.5/2. Si 0.4max Mo0.25/0.35 Cb 0.03/0.09 Cu 0.2/0.35
A699-1	70  482	90-100 620-689				E9018-D1 E10018-D2
A699-2	70  482	90-110 620-758
A699-3	70  482	85-105 586-723
A699-4	75  517	85-105 586-723
A704			Reinforcing steel			E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A706	60 - 78  537	80 min  551	LOW alloy steel bars used for concrete			carb 0.3 max  Si 0.5 max E8018 E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A707  L1-L2-L3						E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A707  L4						E8018-C1
A707  L-5-L6						E8018-C3
A707  L7-L8						E8018-C2
A709			Structural LOW alloy steel for bridges alloys Nb,V,Ti Al,atmospheric corrosion resistance approx 4 times that of steel	200 - 400f		E1118
A709-36			SEE A36			E60XX E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A709-50			SEE A72			E60XX E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A709-50W			SEE A588
A709-100 -100W			SEE A514
A710			Ni- Cr -Cu- Mo- Co- Alloy steels age hardened		K20747	Carb 0.07 max  Mn0.4/0.7 Si 0.4 max  Ni<1
A710-A	60-80	70-90 482-620	Ni- Cr -Cu- Mo- Co- Alloy steels age hardened		K20747	Carb 0.07 max  Mn0.4/0.7 Si 0.4 max  Ni<1 Cr 0.6/0.9 Mo0.15/0.25 Cu1/1.3 Cb0.02min WELD A2 E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1 weld A1-A3 E8018C3 E80T1-Ni1 E80S-D2
A710-B	75-85 517-586	88-90		Preheat >25mm 100F	K20622	Carb 0.06 max  Mn0.4/0.65 Si 0.15/0.4   Ni<1.2/1.5 Cr 1/1.3 Mo0.15/0.25 Cb0.02min WELD B1-B3  E8018C3 E80T1-Ni1 E80S-D2
ASTM A714			low alloy pipe			E7018 E70S-3-6
A715			sheet strip, hot rolled ,high strength improved forming.  high strength weight saving applications
A715-1					K11501	Carb 0.15 Mn 1.65 Si 0.1 Ti 0.05min
A715-2					K11502	Carb 0.15 Mn 1.65 Si 0.6 Ni 0.005min
A715-3					K11503	Carb 0.15 Mn 1.65 Si 0.1 Vi 0.08 Nb 0.005min N 0.02
A715-4					K11504	Carb 0.15 Mn 1.65 Si 0.9 Cr 0.8 Nb 0.005/0.06 Ti 0.1
A715-5	grade 50 yield 50	tensile 60			K11505	Carb 0.15 Mn 1.65 Si 0.3 Mo 0.2 min Nb 0.03min E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A715-6	grade 60 yield 60	tensile 70			K11506	Carb 0.15 Mn 1.65 Si 0.9 Nb 0.005/0.1 E7018 E70S-3 E71T-1
A715-7	grade 70 yield 70	tensile 80			K11507	E8018-C3 E80S-Ni1 E80T1-Ni1
A715-8	grade 80 yield 80	tensile 90			K11508	E8018-C3 E80S-Ni1 E80T1-Ni1

Hardness:The resistance of the metal or the weld to penetration. Hardness is related to the strength of the metal. A good way to test a weld after the weld and heat treatment are complete, is to test the hardness of weld and the base metal surrounding the weld.

 

 

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat Post heat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
A724-A	70   482	90-110 620-758	Quenched tempered pressure vessel plates layered vessels	Preheat >13mm 100f.	K11831	Carb 0.18 max Mn 1-1.6 Si 0.55 Ni 0.25 max  Cr 0.25max Mo 0.08max Cu 0.35 V 0.08 max E9018M E90T1-K2
A724-B	75   517	95-115 655-792			K12031	Carb 0.2max Mn 1-1.6 Si 0.5 Ni 0.25 max  Cr 0.25max Mo 0.08max Cu 0.35 V 0.08 max E10018M E100T1-K3
ASTM A727			carbon steel forgings			8018G
A732 1A-2A-3A-5N						E8018-C3
A732 6N-2Q-4Q						E9018-M
A734			Quenched tempered high strength, low alloy steels
A734-A	65 448	77 - 97 530-668			K21205	Carb 0.12max Mn 0.4-0.75 Si 0.4max Ni 0.9/1.2 Cr0.9/1.2 Mo0.25/0.4 Al 0.06max
A734-B	65 448	77 - 97 530-668		preheat <25mm 50f, >25 150f	K11720	Carb 0.17max Mn 1.6 Cr 0.25max Cu 0.035max Al 0.06max N 0.03max Cb 0.05max E9018-M E90T1-K2
A735-1	65 448	80-100 551-689	Pressure vessel plate medium to low temp service		K10623	Carb 0.06 max Mn 1.2-1.9 Si 0.4 max Mo 0.23/0.47 Cu 0.2-0.35 Cb 0.35-0.9 E9018-M E90T1-K2
A735-2	70 482	85-105 586-723		Preheat not req if plate dry and above >60f		E9018-M E90T1-K2
A735-3	75 517	90-119 620-758				E9018-M E90T1-K2
A735-4	80 551	95-115 655-792				E10018-D2 E100T5-D2 or E90T1-D3

 

Ductility: The amount that a metal or weld will deform without breaking. Measured on welds by the % of elongation in a 2 inch 51 mm test piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode should result in a minimum of 20% elongation. An E70S--6 MIG weld should produce approx 22%.

 

Toughness:The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined temperature to withstand a shock. The test for toughness measures the impact of a pendulum on a notched specimen. You may see that the required impact properties for the metal or weld are 20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)

Steels	Yield  ksi  MPa	Tensile  ksi MPa	Description	Preheat Post heat	UNS	Chemistry weld data
A736			Age hardened pressure vessel plate Ni-Cu-Cr- Mo-Co		K20747
A736-CL2	55-65 379-448	65-92 448-643				E8018-B2 E80T1-B2 E80S-D2
A737-A			pressure vessel steel plate  V-Nb-Si-N	Preheat <25mm 50f >25mm 150f
A737-B	50 344	70-90 482-620		Preheat <25mm 50f >25mm 150f	K12001	carb 0.2max Mn 1.15-1.5 Si 0.15-0.5 Cb 0.05 E9018-M
A737-C	50 344	70-90 482-620		Preheat 13-25mm 100f >25mm 200f	K12202	carb 0.02max Mn 1.15-1.5 Si 0.15-0.5 V  Cb N E10018-M E100T1-K3
A738			Pressure vessel plate for low temp srvice	pre-heat carb to 0.2 25-50 mm 100f 50-100 mm 200f carb >0.21 <25mm 150f >25mm 225f	K12447	carb 0.24 max Mn 1.5-1.6 Si 0.15-0.5 Ni 0.5 Cr 0.25 Mo 0.08 max Cu 0.035 V 0.08 Cb 0.05 max E8018-C3 E80T1-Ni1 E80s-D2
ASTM A739			Low alloy stl bars			8018 B2 E80S-D2 9018 B3
ASTM A743			Austenitic Stainless casting	pre-heat 400-600F
ASTM A744			Stainless castings
ASTM A765			low alloy forgings			E7018 E70S-6
ASTM A768			stainless forgings	pre heat 400 - 600F		410NiMo
ASTM A774			Austenitic Stainless fittings			3xx series
ASTM A778			Austenitic stainless tubes			3xxx series
ASTM A782			Low alloy plates	pre heat 200-400F		10018 11018
ASTM A789			Duplex stainless tubes			Ferr 255 2209
ASTM A790			duplex stainless pipe			Ferr 255 2209
ASTM A808			Structural carbon stl			E7018 E70S-3
ASTM A813			stainless ppe			308 or 3xxx
ASTM A814			stainless pipe			3xxx series
ASTM A815			stainless fittings and duplex fittings			312 or 3xxx series or duplex
ASTM A827			carbon stl plate			8018-G 9018-M 10018-M
ASTM A832			low alloy plate	pre heat 300 - 400F		9018-B3
ASTM A837			low alloy forgings stainless forging 410	200-400F		11018-M 410 Ni Mo
ASTM A841			low alloy plate			7018 E70S-3
ASTM A847			low alloy tube			8018W
ASTM A850			Carbon stl bars			7018 E70S-3
A973 GRADE 100			ALLOY CHAIN A premium quality welded chain heat treated, recommended for over head lifts, SEE CHAINS AT A413 & A391

 

 

If you are welding a carbon steel and you don't know what the composition is or what the weld consumable should be, try the following:

• If the metal is thicker than 6 mm preheat to 150F.
• Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-6 MIG wire. For your all position welds an E71T-1 electrode wire.
• For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 15% CO2 mix.
• For flux cored use a mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
• Ensure with multi-pass welds you use inter-pass temp control. Ensure the inter-pass temp weld temperature does not exceed 200F.
• If possible do destructive test of a weld sample.
• If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after welding.

Take note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an indication that heat treatment is required for the welds..

If you are teaching your self, or providing weld process control training for others, the following resources are the key to attaining MIG and flux cored weld process optimization. Item.1. The Book: "A Management & Engineers Guide To MIG Weld Quality, Productivity & Costs" Item 2. A unique robot MIG training or self teaching resource. "Optimum Robot MIG Welds from Weld Process Controls". Item 3. A unique MIG training or self teaching resource. " Manual MIG Weld Process Optimization from Weld Process Controls". Item. 4. A unique flux cored training or self teaching resource. "Optimum Manual and Automated Flux Cored Plate and Pipe welds. Item 5a."Proceso de Soldadura MIG Manual" (MIG Made Simple. Self teaching in Spanish) Item 6a. The Self Teaching MIG Book/ Video. (MIG Made Simple in English). Note: Items 2-3-4 are the most comprehensive process control, self teaching and training programs ever developed.. Visit Ed's MIG / flux cored process control books and CD training resources.

Use Ed's process control resources to provide optimum PQR's and weld
procedures, however if you want the most simple method to
develop ASME - API - AWS weld procedures, check out;

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